Ross Stores operates off-price retail chains, primarily under the Ross Dress for Less and dd's Discounts banners, selling brand-name clothing and home goods at a discount by buying excess inventory and closeouts from other retailers and manufacturers. Like other off-price retailers, its merchandise mix constantly changes based on what inventory becomes available, which the company uses as a marketing draw to encourage frequent store visits. The off-price model tends to hold up reasonably well during economic downturns, as value-conscious shoppers trade down from full-price retail, while continuing to attract bargain-focused shoppers even when the economy is strong. Ross operates a leaner store format than some off-price competitors, with less investment in store fixtures and presentation, a deliberate strategy that keeps its operating costs low and supports its discount positioning.